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Causal closure is a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of metaphysics and the mind. In a strongly stated version, the causal closure principle (CCP) says that "Physical effects have ''only'' physical causes." - Agustin Vincente, p. 150 〔 Those who accept the causal closure thesis tend to think that all entities that exist are physical entities (physicalists), but not necessarily. As Karl Popper says, "The physicalist principle of closedness of the physical ... is of decisive importance and I take it as the characteristic principle of physicalism or materialism."〔 ==Definition== Causal closure has stronger and weaker formulations.〔 The stronger formulations of causal closure assert that: "No physical event has a cause outside the physical domain." - Jaegwon Kim,.〔 That is, the stronger formulations assert that for physical events, causes ''other'' than physical causes do not exist. (Physical events that are not causally ''determined'' may be said to have their objective ''chances of occurrence'' determined by physical causes.)〔 Weaker forms of the theory state that "Every physical event has a physical cause." - Barbara Montero,〔 or "Every physical effect (that is, caused event) has physical sufficient causes" - Agustin Vincente.〔 (According to Vincente, a number of caveats have to be observed, among which is the postulate that "physical entities" are entities postulated by a true theory of physics, a theory of which we are ignorant today. And that such a true theory "will not include mental (or in general, dubious) concepts".(Note 5, p. 168)〔) Or, that "if we trace the causal ancestry of a physical event we need never go outside the physical domain." - Jaegwon Kim,〔 The weaker form of causal closure is synonymous with ''causal completeness'',〔 the notion that "Every physical effect that has a sufficient cause has a sufficient physical cause."〔 That is, the weaker forms allow that ''in addition'' to physical causes, there may be other kinds of causes for physical events. The notion of reductionism supplements ''causal closure'' with the claim that ''all'' events ultimately can be reduced to physical events. Under these circumstances, mental events are a subset of physical events and caused by them.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「causal closure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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